What Are Humans For?

This course’s unconventional take on politics stood out to me. I’ve taken a fair share of polisci classes both in the upper and lower levels but never once has the topic of death been brought up. I guess I’m saying that most of my polisci classes have felt empirical, to a fault. In the past three years, I’ve talked about how things are and the history behind them. And now it’s really comforting to know that political science can be about that and more. What I hope to get out of this class is a better understanding of how things SHOULD be. I want to talk about what we can do better as a society, and I think this class focuses on bettering the future.
And with all this on my mind, something that stood out to me in the course material from week one was when, in her TED talk, Professor Litfin posed the question, “What are humans for?” To me, this was an odd question. I’ve heard people ask if life has a purpose, but never any question like this. Trying to answer this question makes me dizzy. I’ve thought alot about the meaning of life but pondering “What are humans for?” makes a lot of other existential questions like “what is the meaning of life?” seem insignificant. Is the meaning of life a trivial undertaking? Does it matter? The purpose of life seems like such a self-absorbed question.
What are humans for? How do we affect the world around us? Are we a force of good or evil? This question has become more critical. How can we affect the earth and each other in a positive manner? Rather than thinking about why we are here, we should focus on using our influence to affect the planet positively.
Throughout this reflective process, I’ve asked myself more questions than I have answers to. And I’m not sure if there are any correct answers. I do know that asking questions in hopes of seeking inner meaning can be self-fulfilling, but they won’t solve world problems.
I’m sure throughout this course, I’ll be asking many questions, some small and some big. We live in a polarizing world where opinions are rampant, and people easily anger. I just hope that I’ll be able to challenge my own views and others without causing too much trouble.

Younger Generations Struggles with Futility and Mental Health

When entering this course I had no real expectations or ideas of what it would entail. However after our discussion about the several different ways the human race may go extinct I began to understand what this class would explore. During this discussion I began to wonder about the seemingly ever increasing mental health problems each generation has been reporting. I began to ponder the different possibilities for this and how they relate to each generation being more and more focused on the futility of different endeavors. 

I considered that each new generation may be experiencing this due to a newfound emphasis that has been garnered around mental health. This seems to ring true as with more exposure and influence being put on a subject it tends to be brought further to the forefront of discussions. Are more people having trouble with mental health because we talk about it more or has talking about it more led to more people perceiving mental health issues that are not as large as they seem? While researching this further I found that American Psychiatric Association contributed this change to a reduction of stigmas and discrimination towards people with mental health issues therefore making it easier for more to admit that they have been repressing emotion. While this increase may have been pushed along by a larger discussion it also stands to reason that past generations have had more mental health issues than originally perceived. 

Another question I asked myself was how the mass spread of information has affected the mental health of the newest generations and whether it has had a marked impact. In the past two decades there has been an explosion of social media and networking. During the course of our discussion during class we talked about the increase in suicides over the past twenty years and how social media has affected this by providing a major influx of information, both good and bad. While listening to Bailey Parnell’s TED Talk about social media I found one quote that resonated with me, “In social media we are the product, and we are letting others attribute value to us”. Social Media has seemed to force maturity on young people showing them things that older generations had years to learn of and become comfortable with.

Resources and Inspiration

The Big Picture

https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/stigma-and-discrimination

Understanding Death and the Anthropocene

Death has long been the focus and scope we as a species have used to frame how we live. Most humans understand death as something inevitable, ultimately no matter what action we take we will all be faced with the same fate. I have always wondered what the true impact of that understanding means. How has the very understanding that we will one day cease to exist shaped our species and why has it led us to this point?

It’s hard to understand how we as humans following our innate desire and instinct to survive created some of the most complex and interwoven systems and societies that this planet has ever known and even harder to understand how our relationship to death impacted our path as a species. Yet, it’s intriguing to think that the very drive to survive that once allowed us to embark on the path of creating these complex civilizations has resulted in us creating civilizations that are ultimately risking the future of our survival as a species. If civilization was our response to death then why is it that we have allowed our civilizations to become so dangerous to our own survival?

Geologists and social scientists have dubbed this era of civilization in which humans have the ability to threaten their own existence as the Anthropocene. The term attempts to express that the earth itself has entered a new geological era under the influence of humans with humans being the driving force of change in the environment. With the introduction of this term has come a new way of studying human society, Systems Thinking. Systems thinking seeks to understand the impact of humans on the earth and how this has ultimately impacted humans and how that has shifted the way naturally occurring phenomena have changed, including death.

Perhaps the most profound statement I came across while trying to grasp how Anthropocene relates to death comes from author Roy Scranton who writes on learning to die in the Anthropocene. He claims that perhaps our civilization is already dead. This is an interesting concept perhaps we as a society has begun to understand our systems and civilizations as an intrinsic part of our existence and as such we insist that they must continue to exist so long as we as do and maybe that is where we as a species went wrong. Perhaps moving forward our species may learn to live with death rather than in opposition to it.characteristic vegetation pattern following high-severity fire in the Klamath region Despite the tree’s the pillars of a forest dying within the forest, the new regrowth is healthy and able to use the nutrients to grow a new forest

(https://nationalzoo.si.edu/news/smithsonian-scientists-examine-impact-high-severity-fires-conifer-forests)

Societies of Fear

In Octavia Butler’s Parable of the Sower, Lauren Olamina, the main character, strains against the cultural restraints of her community that prevent them from recognizing the imminent danger they face from a world ravaged by climate change, societal breakdown, and division. I’ll admit that I am nowhere near done with the book, but the tension between survival and cultural preservation in Parable of the Sower feel ever-relevant to the state of the current global order. Life, it seems, imitates art.

From Parable of the Sower:

All that you touch,

You Change.

 

All that you Change,

Changes you.

 

The only lasting truth

Is Change

 

God

Is Change.

Lauren Olamina struggles against the fact that, when faced with the terror, fear, and imminence of change (and death), her community turns away, refusing to make strides for safety, to prepare for what is inevitable, and to lessen the negative impact it might have. Octavia Butler, then, has taken hold of Terror Management theory and placed it into the future, in a not-at-all-unfeasible circumstance of climate disaster. Butler’s characters in Parable of the Sower are a very real reflection of people of the modern day, but when packaged into fiction, their actions become more outrageous and clearly ignorant.

Yet, we all know the people who turn a blind eye to global crises for fear of what it means to them. In some cases, this is framed in terms of mental health: it is absurdly painful to reconcile with what the future will really look like when it is nothing like what we imagined growing up. There are stories of growing old; of moving across the globe; of finding love, adventure and excitement. At our current state, it is unlikely that my generation will grow old. If we move across the globe, it will be as climate refugees searching for a livable environment. If we find love, adventure, and excitement, it will be in stolen moments where we can find a reprieve from struggling to survive, or it will be in ignorance of the struggles of others. That is not to say that there is no value to finding beauty in what exists in front of us, but it is unsurprising that, when the future looks so bleak, many use a preoccupation with the everyday to excuse inaction and create what is, in effect, a productive paralysis.

Reframing the Climate Issue

I’m taking this class with the firm belief that climate change, and by extension, climate justice, are inseparable from capitalism and the legacy of colonial and imperialist resource extraction. 

The Anthropocene documentary we watched in class got me thinking about the role of China as an eco-development state, coined by editors of the book Greening East Asia (Esarey et. al). Regions in East Asia are notorious for being some of the most polluted in the world, yet, paradoxically, within the last decade or so, East Asian countries have developed green energy, technology, and conservation, waste management, and urban design efforts at a scale that far surpasses developed Western countries. I think a lot of this has to do with the fact that resource extraction has by and large happened within their own countries, so the costs of industrialization are borne by the domestic populations themselves. What would environmental policy look like in Western countries (including Scandinavia) if so much environmental destruction wasn’t externalized onto other parts of the world, or onto marginalized domestic populations?

A group of older Chinese ladies practicing taichi amidst heavy air pollution

I thought that the documentary presented a complicated history of Mao’s poor environmental policies as one of the single greatest contributors to climate change in order to attempt to lift the masses out of poverty. What would a documentary that centered Indigenous movements in North America look like? Would it discuss the impact of the near extinction of bison, hunted by white colonizers as part of their ‘Indian Removal Policy’, from 10 million to just over 300 within a couple decades (Phippen, 2021)?

A wall of stacked American bison skulls in the mid-1870s

Ultimate mass extinction might be inevitable unless radical change happens. Honestly, I can’t realistically foresee a timeline in our current reality past 2050, which is in 30 years. Who gets to live and who do the powerful let die? I have to believe that the earth will heal itself eventually, but what will happen between then and the more current future we are headed into?

 

Citations:

  • Bradshaw, S., Richards, J., Kyriacou, S., Gabbay, A., Ostby, M., Cassini, S., Steffen, W. L., Ellis, E., Zalasiewicz, J. A., Revkin, A., McNeil, J., Gonzalez, M. B., Odada, E. O., Vidas, D., Steffen, W. L. (William L. ., & Odada, E. O. (Eric O. (2016). Anthropocene. [Distributed by] Bullfrog Films.
  • Esarey, A., Haddad, M. A., Lewis, J. I., & Harrell, S. (2021). Greening East Asia: The rise of the eco-developmental State. University of Washington Press. 
  • Magazine, S. (2012, July 17). Where the Buffalo no longer roamed. Smithsonian.com. Retrieved October 16, 2022, from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/where-the-buffalo-no-longer-roamed-3067904/ 
  • Meyer, R. (2017, March 21). How climate change covered China in Smog. The Atlantic. Retrieved October 16, 2022, from https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/03/how-climate-change-covered-china-in-smog/520197/ 
  • Phippen, J. W. (2021, June 7). “Kill every buffalo you can! Every buffalo dead is an Indian gone”. The Atlantic. Retrieved October 16, 2022, from https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2016/05/the-buffalo-killers/482349/ 



What A Piece Of Work Is Man

Anthropocene – A word describing our planet’s current geological age, in which human activity is the dominant force on our climate and the environment.

When I signed up for this class, I was unaware that humanity had surpassed all natural Earth systems in becoming the primary influence on our biosphere. It is daunting to think that we – ‘we’ being relative, since only a small subset of our population has the power to combat the world’s worst polluters – no longer inhabit this planet but control it. Unfortunately, however, the state of our Earth is of second importance to so many, due to another human-caused disaster: heightened inter- and intra-national political conflict that seems to constantly bring the world to the brink of nuclear catastrophe.

Thinking about these compounding realities often lands me in feelings of despair and loneliness. But what brings me comfort is the knowledge that modern-day people are not much different from those of the medieval day. I have found that historical literature always helps me to feel grounded and motivated in my quest for societal change. One of my favorite passages about humanity, which almost perfectly sums up my own thoughts, is the following monologue Shakespeare wrote for Hamlet:

Quote from Act 2, Scene 2 of Hamlet: The earth seems to me a sterile promontory. This most excellent canopy, the air, look you, this brave o’erhanging firmament, this majestical roof fretted with golden fire – why, it appeareth nothing to me but a foul and pestilent congregation of vapours. What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties, in form and moving how express and admirable, in action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god: the beauty of the world, the paragon of animals! And yet to me what is this quintessence of dust?

Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Edited by David Bevington, Bantam Books, 1988. 

In this, Shakespeare (through Hamlet) is describing the world’s beauty and humanity’s strengths, while also revealing his true feelings of distaste for them. I find the phrase “What a piece of work is man” especially significant because it represents to me this duality. In the context of the monologue, the phrase appears to celebrate God’s masterpiece of the human being. However, the contemporary “piece of work” insult is my preferred interpretation. Yes, there are great qualities of humankind – our resiliency and our intelligence – but it’s difficult to overstate the extent of our failings.

When I signed up for this class, I didn’t understand the true extent of our climate emergency, but I do believe that, despite our failings (perhaps even because of them), our society can adapt to the ever-changing circumstances and emerge stronger than before. The tragic story of Hamlet does not have to prophesy our own.

Earth without Humans

Hello everybody,

I would like to start this post by introducing myself. My name is Dimitra Sofia Tsamopoulou, and I was born and raised in Athens, Greece. In 2019 I got recruited from the women’s rowing team, here in the University of Washington. I am doing a Political Science major with a double minor in Human Rights and Law,Society and Justice. The honest reason I chose the class of “Political Ecology of Death in the Anthropocene”, was basically because I got really intrigued by the usage of a word that is greek, the word “Anthropocene”. Although greek is my mother language I had to look the meaning of it in order to understand that it refers to an era, the era that the Earth’s Geology is the most impacted by the human “hands”.

So far, most of the classes I have taken are really theoretical. They cover subjects of justice, legislation, economics etc. What took me by surprise with this class is the hidden spirituality of it. In order to succeed and learn in that class, you cannot just keep up with the readings and the course material, you really need to connect with yourself, acknowledge the way you feel about the topics being taught and reflect on these feelings. A deeper understanding of the political ecology of death requires a deeper understanding of the internal processes we have as humans. These internal “exploration” brings a lot of questions on the surface. One of the questions that was brought to me is “What would happen to Earth if the Human race was all of a sudden going extinct?”. We live our lives thinking that we are the center of everything, and I think by trying to answer that question we can understand that we are not as essential as we would like to be. The biosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere and lithosphere do not need the noosphere in order to survive and thrive.

While trying to answer my question, I came across a video that I would like to share in our forum. In the video we can have a little “taste” of what would actually mean for earth if the human race was disappearing. I would love to read your reflections on the video and also my post. Thank you for your time. Have a great day!

Link for YouTube video:
https://youtu.be/EWXdTwFHETA

Climate nihilism and community care

I worked through two responses before deciding on this one, which I chose for its attempted honesty in the face of real, violent, and discriminative political/ecological threats. This short response argues for an understanding of community care as a means to mitigate the effects of climate change on the most marginalized. I assume several things which are not necessarily true and are framed imperfectly, listed below. 

  1. There is nothing the masses can do to “stop” climate change
  2. There is nothing the capitalists and imperialists can/will do to “stop” climate change
  3. Climate change is resulting in mass extinction
  4. Climate change will not kill all humans, and will discriminate along geopolitical, racial, and class lines 

These assumptions are at best incomplete and at worst false. That said, I adopt them in my life to move toward an acceptance of “our” collective fate, and move forward in my own actions. I’ve come to terms with this as “climate nihilism,” which strikes me as similar to Rupert Read and Samuel Alexander’s This Civilization is Finished, and builds off the anonymously-authored Desert (which is kind of worth the read, but not at all working toward an Indigenous analysis of climate change and its effects).

Indigenous struggle as climate struggle and struggle against the colonial state—a blockade in so-called Toronto in solidarity with the Wet’suwet’en nation in so-called British Columbia displays a banner reading “NO PIPELINES: Stop RCMP Invasion on Indigenous Lands.”

With this acceptance, I try and often fail to do actions that have the greatest immediate impact on those that are most affected by climate change. This can be described as community care, which I define in line with bell hooks’s All About Love, where she attempts to redirect her readers toward a constant and true practice of love in their lives. Mutual aid, whether true to its theory or not, comes to mind—in Seattle this seems to be one common way for community care to manifest. It especially stems from the knowledge that our disproportionately Black and brown unhoused neighbors are also disproportionately affected by climate change. Long, hot, smoky summers, and long, cold, rainy winters lead to preventable deaths from exposure. A meal or a cigarette for a neighbor can be a radical act of love.

Climate change is here—orange smoke in Seattle 2020 shrouds the buildings and trees.

This line of thinking, admittedly, is dangerous. It ignores opportunities to mobilize mass lines, work on long-term campaigns, and otherwise organize in politically powerful groups. I describe it, though, in an attempt at an honest answer to the question of “first thoughts”—an acceptance of collective semi-destruction must not mean apathy, but instead move us toward care for each other. 


After this wordy response—more words! Here are so many books (should be linked to free online versions) that inform these thoughts. In no order:

  1. All About Love
  2. Accomplices not Allies: Abolishing the Ally Industrial Complex
  3. Red Earth, White Lies: Native Americans and the Myth of Scientific Fact (will have to make an account then download)
  4. Desert
  5. Direct Action: Memoirs of an Urban Guerrilla
  6. The Progressive Plantation: racism inside white radical social change groups
  7. The Land of Open Graves 
  8. National Union of the Homeless: a brief history
  9. Primer: Transnational Weapons Corporations (click through to w-tnc.pdf)
  10. Mutual Aid: Building Solidarity During This Crisis (and the next!)
  11. Mutual Aid: A Factor of Liberalism

Citations:

Abbas, Freya. “What Canadians should Know about the Wet’suwet’en Nation’s Struggle.” InkSpire, https://inkspire.org/post/what-canadians-should-know-about-the-wetsuweten-nations-struggle/-M2R80RtqjuC-63LBrof

Alexander, Samuel. “This Civilization is Finished: Conversations on the End of Empire—and What Lies Beyond.” The Simplicity Collective, June 14, 2019. 

Anonymous. Desert. E-book, The Anarchist Library, 2011. 

hooks, bell. All About Love. HarperCollins Publishers, 2000. 

Live Storms Media. “09-12-2020 Seattle, WA – Wildfire Smoke – Major City With Worst Air Quality in the World.” Youtube, September 12, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mH6Spfsntjc.

Nature Is My Religion

Recently, I have begun to see myself as a piece of the earth rather than a being separate from it. This is something I began to feel not only in thought but as part of my soul. From skiing pillows in remote British Columbia as snow dumped onto us for days, to watching seals cover themselves with sand for protection from the sun on the shores of the Redwood Forest, I began to truly believe that the God I worship is mother nature and my religion is the natural world we live in.

Clouds above a mountain peak over looking a frozen lake.

Summit of Alpental after 4 inches of fresh snowfall.

With this spiritual discovery came the painful awareness that the things I saw and experienced are in danger of disappearing or being irreversibly altered by the effects of global warming. Less rainfall means shallow streams and Salmon not being able to make it to spawning grounds, wildfires destroying thousands of acres causing ash to rain from the sky states away, and homes being brought out to sea by extreme hurricanes doesn’t even begin to describe the effects that climate change has had on our planet. 

So, I took this class. Because how can I see the earth as my mother without understanding how to grasp my own mortality as humans continue to kill it? Can we save it? If I ride my bike and take short showers, does that manage the terror I feel for the future?

Sunlight breaking through fog over the trees on the shore of a beach covered in large mossy rocks.

Early morning where the freshwater river enters the oceans on the California coast in the Redwoods National Forest.

In class, we talked about systems theory in the context of understanding that we are living in the world rather than on it. I resonated a lot with this because it forces people to see something as a makeup of parts and how those parts function together to make a whole. Which is what the Earth is and how we participate in that system.

However, I think that it is important to see the interconnectedness of everything that works together to create the environment we live in, but Deep Adaptations provides a pessimistic view of climate change that not only seems to perpetuate an idea that the Earth cannot be saved from the harm that has been caused to it. This seems to embody the extremes of terror management theory that we have discussed in class and come to understand through various educational materials that show the extremes resulting from being reminded of our own mortality. In this case, the extreme of believing there is no reason to have hope.

Sources and References:

https://www.npr.org/2019/09/13/760599683/were-all-gonna-die-how-fear-of-death-drives-our-behavior

lifeworth.com/deepadaptation.pdf

youtube.com/watch